Legal and Forensic Aspects of Working with Electronic Documents Generated by Artificial Intelligence
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21564/2414-990X.171.342859Keywords:
artificial intelligence, electronic document, evidence, attribution, forensics, liabilityAbstract
The relevance of the research is due to the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and their integration into the process of creating electronic documents, which creates significant problems in the legal and forensic fields, particularly regarding the admissibility of such documents as evidence. The purpose of the article is to highlight the legal and forensic challenges associated with the attribution, probative value, and establishment of liability for electronic documents generated by AI. Methods of analysis included systemic, comparative-legal, formal-legal, and forensic methods for the study of electronic evidence. The results obtained indicate the need to develop new approaches to assessing the reliability and relevance of electronic documents created by AI, as well as the implementation of specialized forensic techniques to establish their origin and possible intervention. Particular attention is paid to attribution issues, as there is no direct liability for the actions of AI. The prospects for further research are related to the development of unified international standards for working with AI-generated evidence and the improvement of national procedural legislation.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, electronic document, evidence, attribution, forensics, liability.
References
Li, C. (2025). Artificial Intelligence Evidence: Concepts, Nature and Applications. Frontiers in Humanities and Social Sciences, 5(5), 62–69. https://doi.org/10.54691/6g9r5911
Dunsin, D., Ghanem, M. C., Ouazzane, K., & Vassilev, V. (2024). A comprehensive analysis of the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in modern digital forensics and incident response. Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation, 48, 301675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsidi.2023.301675
Ahmed, A. A., Farhan, K., Jabbar, W. A., Al-Othmani, A., & Abdulrahman, A. G. (2024). IoT Forensics: Current Perspectives and Future Directions. Sensors, 24(16), 5210. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165210
Sunkari, V., & Sri Nagesh, A. (2024). Artificial intelligence for deepfake detection: systematic review and impact analysis. IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI), 13(4), 3786. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v13.i4.pp3786-3792
Klimushyn, P. S., Roh, V. Y., & Kolisnyk, T. P. (2023). Legal aspects of functional security standardisation of the Internet of Things. Law and Safety, 90(3), 200–213. https://doi.org/10.32631/pb.2023.3.17
Garasymiv, O., Marko, S., & Ryashko, O. (2023). Digital evidence: some problematic issues regarding its concept and use in criminal justice. Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, 2(75), 158–162. https://doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.75.2.25
Zhang, F. (2023). Copyright Issues in Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Examination from the Perspectives of Subject and Object. Communications in Humanities Research, 15(1), 172–182. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/15/20230664
Gupta, S., & Sharma, P. (2025). Artificial Intelligence and Ethics. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5076025
Spivak, O. M. (2024). Pravovi zasady rehuliuvannia shtuchnoho intelektu v Ukraini ta Polshchi.
Juridical Scientific and Electronic Journal, (4), 815–817. https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2024-4/198
Ivashchenko, S. (2025). Legal basis for the use of artificial intelligence in jurisprudence in
Ukraine. Administrative law and process, (2), 24–32. https://doi.org/10.32782/2227-796x.2025.2.02
Shablystyi, V. V. (2025). Tsyfrova era kryminalnoho protsesu: Mozhlyvosti IT-system u
dosudovomu rozsliduvanni. Juridical Scientific and Electronic Journal, (1), 630–633. https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2025-1/146
Yarovyi, K. (2024). Shtuchnyi intelekt yak instrument zapobihannia zlochynnosti. Yurydychnyi
visnyk, (2), 68–76. https://doi.org/10.32782/yuv.v2.2024.9
Milimko, L. V., Zhydovtsev, Yu. V. (2025). Elektronni dokazy v kryminalnomu sudochynstvi
Ukrainy. Visnyk UzhNU. Seriia: Pravo, 3(88), 302–308. https://doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2025.88.3.45
Kr. Pasupuleti, M. (2024). Digital forensics uncovering cyber evidence. In Digital forensic science
(p. 41–49). National Education Services. https://doi.org/10.62311/nesx/97422614
Morgan, J. (2023). Digital evidence. In Wrongful convictions and forensic science errors (p. 305–
. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003202578-14
Kryminalnyi protsesualnyi kodeks Ukrainy, Kodeks Ukrainy № 4651-VI (2025) (Ukraina).
https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/4651-17#Text
Pro elektronni dokumenty ta elektronnyi dokumentoobih, Zakon Ukrainy № 851-IV (2024)
(Ukraina). https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/851-15#Text
Sarker, I. H. (2022). AI-Based Modeling: Techniques, Applications and Research Issues Towards
Automation, Intelligent and Smart Systems. SN Computer Science, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-022-01043-x
Ebers, M., & Tupay, P. K. (2023). Delegation of Administrative Powers to AI Systems. In
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Powered Public Service Delivery in Estonia (p. 85–102). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19667-6_5
Anh-Hoang D., Tran V., Nguyen L.-M. (2025). Survey and analysis of hallucinations in large
language models: attribution to prompting strategies or model behavior. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence. 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1622292
Omlor, S., & Dilek, D. (2022). German Electronic Securities Act. European Company
Law, 19(Issue 3), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.54648/eucl2022012
Nazarova I. N. (2023). Electronic document in the context of international economic and legal
framework. Journal of European economy. 22 (1), 32-47. https://doi.org/10.35774/jee2023.01.031
Dr. Ammar Mahmoud Ayoub Al-Rawashed, Dr. Feras Mohmd Alyacoub, Dr. Ahmad Fahed
Mohammad AlBtoosh, Adnan Salih Mohamad Alomar, Abdessalam Ali Mohamad Alfadel, Dr.Mamoon Suliman Alsmadi, & Nashat Mohammad Abdul Qader Bani Hamad. (2024). The law applicable to electronic signatures comparative study. Evolutionary studies in imaginative culture, 561–573. https://doi.org/10.70082/esiculture.vi.1066
Varbanova G. (2025). Electronic documents as electronic evidence. International journal of law
in changing world. 4 (3), 43–54. URL: https://doi.org/10.54934/ijlcw.v4i3.142
Irbe, L. (2024). Regulation of artificial intelligence in the european union. INDIVIDUAL.
SOCIETY. STATE. proceedings of the international student and teacher scientific and practical conference, 199–206. https://doi.org/10.17770/iss2024.8338
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Олександр Габро

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.









